Training

This text is part of the contents of the first book by ECOAR))) and will go on sale at the end of this year, 2026. Winning the Narrative! Manual for Combating the Far-Right Discourse. Far-right is a word whose etymological origin is formed by the prefix “ultra” (from the Latin “ultra-“, meaning ‘beyond’, ‘extreme’) and the root “right” (from the Latin “-directa”, meaning ‘right’, ‘straight’). In the French National Constituent Assembly during the revolutionary process of 1789, the conservative deputies … Read more

The strike is a pressure tool of the working class as old as labour exploitation itself. The collective and temporary interruption of productive activity decided by workers in order to demand better working conditions or to protest against the company is a mechanism already normalised in the collective social imagination. The history of the strike is a chronicle of the working class’s struggle for its dignity, for its rights, and for a fairer society. The first documented strike in history … Read more

The origin of the concept of non-violence can be traced back to the term Ahimsa: a word derived from Sanskrit, where hims means ‘desire to kill’ and a- is the prefix of negation. This concept, characteristic of the Jain and Buddhist religions, was used politically by Gandhi in his philosophy and his struggle for independence. Thus, non-violence can be defined as the desire to end violence, whether physical or structural, without resorting to further violence to do so. It can … Read more

Barricades were and are a recurring element in urban conflicts. It is important to understand their origin and development in order to comprehend their historical and current function. The barricade was born in Paris in 1588 during the Day of the Barricades, an episode of the eighth war of religion in France. Parisians used barrels filled with earth and stones to block the streets and defend themselves from the troops of King Henry III. This construction system gave the object … Read more

The term “fascism” is often used in a broad sense to describe authoritarian behaviors, but its academic meaning requires distinguishing three fundamental definitions. First, it refers to the historical Italian phenomenon; second, to the European authoritarian regimes of the interwar period; and third, to an analytical category of authoritarianism applicable to broader contexts. This distinction is essential to avoid imprecise uses of the concept. The first meaning identifies fascism with the political movement led by Benito Mussolini in Italy between … Read more

The term “fascism” comes from the Latin fasces, which in ancient Rome referred to a bundle of rods tied around an axe. This symbol represented the authority and power of magistrates to punish citizens, as well as the strength that comes from unity: a single rod can be easily broken, but a bundle is unbreakable. The Italian word fascio (bundle) gave its name to the “Fasci di Combattimento”, founded by Benito Mussolini in Milan on March 23, 1919, deliberately reclaiming … Read more

When hate speech seeks to impose itself through intimidation and martial solemnity, the most effective response can be found in strategies that avoid violent confrontation. Creativity and humor are tools of resistance with a long historical tradition, now regaining relevance as a way to dismantle fascist narratives without yielding to their logic. The tactic of the subversive clown has its roots in the British group “Clandestine Insurgent Rebel Clown Army” (CIRCA), founded in 2003, which combined improvisational theatre with civil … Read more

Understanding the differences between these four concepts allows a more rigorous analysis of social and political processes. In political and media discourse, terms such as revolution, rebellion, reform, and coup d’état are often used imprecisely or interchangeably. Knowing their precise meaning allows people to form an informed opinion and interpret historical and contemporary events beyond ideological labels. Revolution is a profound and radical change in the political, social, and economic structures of a community, usually involving broad popular participation and … Read more

In social movements, a psychosocial phenomenon known as learned helplessness occurs when individuals or activist groups, after repeated exposure to repressive or invisibilizing situations, internalize the belief that they cannot change oppressive structures. This mechanism undermines individual and collective confidence, weakens the capacity for joint action, and facilitates political paralysis. A historical example of this dynamic is the Solidarity movement in Poland during the 1980s. Founded in the Gdańsk shipyards and led by Lech Wałęsa, it mobilized around 10 million … Read more

 Personal or institutional dependence on technological tools from corporations like Google and Microsoft constitutes a structural threat that goes beyond individual privacy. These companies operate through extractive models that commodify personal data, restrict interoperability, and create dependency through proprietary confinement or “vendor lock-in,” making it practically impossible to switch to another service provider. When using proprietary software, control over sensitive information is surrendered. Imposed updates modify functionalities without consent, algorithms manipulate behavior, and security breaches expose data to third parties. … Read more